1. Key issue
Hotels and hotels are usually divided into business and tourist resorts. Business hotels are usually located in economically developed cities. They are for business travellers, highlighting functions such as office, conference and business banquets. Travel resort hotels usually have At tourist attractions, highlights are the resort and leisure features. However, this distinction is relative, and their functions are often intertwined. In addition, from the perspective of architectural characteristics, the various types of spaces based on functions inside and outside the hotel are also roughly the same. For example, the Le Méridien Hotel in Hong Kong Cyberport compares with the Guangzhou Garden Hotel. Although the characteristics are very different, they all have a reception hall, which is a Portman-type space. There are various types of rooms and Chinese and Western restaurants. Function hall. Therefore, from the perspective of hotel lighting design, their commonalities are basically the same.
1.1 To use a warm white light source, the color temperature is about 3000K.
The basis is: no matter what type of hotel, creating a friendly, warm and friendly atmosphere, should be their common appeal, and the lighting environment provided by the color temperature 3000K light source can strengthen this feature of the wine point. (1) Based on human visual perception of temperature perception and spatial perception of color, the hue is yellowish and the hue is biased towards the blue-violet color. At the same time, the orange makes people feel warm and close to us; based on memory When the above colors are continuously compared, the result is the same. (2) This kind of perception, in the deep arousal of the psychological level, is closely related to psychological evaluation and emotional activities such as kindness, warmth and friendliness. (3) Based on engineering practice, whenever a hotel lighting project can fully implement this principle without any interference, the effect is very good.
1.2 In the case of consistent color temperature of the light source, specific analysis of the light color of different types of light sources
(1) Take incandescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps as examples. An incandescent lamp, nominally 2800K, and a compact fluorescent lamp, nominally 2850K (and possibly 2700K), simply indicate that their color tables are generally consistent, but for color (color and light colors are still There is still a subtle difference in the evaluation of the color perception: due to their different spectral composition, the light emitted by the incandescent lamp is very similar to the cobalt yellow or cadmium yellow of the watercolor pigment, the color is "loud" and "transparent"; and compact The light emitted by the fluorescent lamp is very similar to earthy yellow, and the color tone is somewhat cloudy. (2) Therefore, the lighting design should select the light source category in a targeted manner. Under the same color temperature conditions, it is necessary to comprehensively weigh whether they are energy-saving in terms of luminous flux and average life, whether it is easy to maintain and the trade-off between light color, not because “Green lighting†(I advocate a specific analysis of “green lightingâ€) instead of incandescent lamps. (3) For high-end hotels, energy saving and easy maintenance are important. For example, the average life expectancy of a good compact fluorescent lamp can reach 10,000 hours (and incandescent lamps only have one tenth of it), although the hotel is free. The cost of replacing the bulb, but at the expense of "pure light color." (4) As for the issue of energy saving and extending the life of the light bulb, as far as the domestic situation is concerned, a large part can be combined with the natural lighting and the brightness requirements of the guest activities as the headquarters of the Bank of China, and the time is adjusted through the intelligent control system. Light, to solve it. Of course, there are many ways to save energy, but it is beyond the scope of this article.
1.3 Pay special attention to the relationship between color temperature and illuminance
Use the matching relationship between illuminance and color temperature to create a suitable space atmosphere. In general, color temperature and illuminance should be proportionally matched, that is, high illumination, high color temperature, and vice versa. The habit of domestic hotel lighting design is often that the color temperature is very high, but the illumination is generally low, often falling into the "gloomy" atmosphere represented by the following figure. This should be given enough attention in future design practices.
1.4 If direct illumination is available, no indirect illumination is used.
Optical troughs have been widely used in various commercial space lighting, and even some are rampant. With the development of electric light source and lighting fixture manufacturing technology, the direct lighting method can avoid the visual hazard of uncomfortable glare. Therefore, unless the decorative requirements are required, it is not necessary to use the light waste and the maintenance is not convenient. Various types of lighting slots.
1.5 Use the same color temperature light source to avoid the chaos of light color
The same functional area, surface and object use a light source with the same color temperature to make the color of the light environment uniform. As far as the lighting design of the hotel is concerned, since the emphasis is not on conflict and drama, the uniform color is in line with the characteristics of the hotel. We have noticed that there are still some well-designed interior design companies in China that still have many problems at this point. For example, the Changlong Hotel project designed by Guangzhou Jimei Group is very good in other aspects, that is, there are still some problems in lighting: some rooms use cool white light sources; some rooms have both warm white light sources and cool white light sources. It makes people feel very uncomfortable.
1.6 Selecting illuminators with high luminous efficiency
(1) Select the illuminator with optimized parameters and high utilization of luminous flux. We often encounter such a situation, the total luminous flux originally claimed by the light source is very high, but because the luminaire with low luminous output efficiency is selected, the theoretically calculated illuminance value and after the actual completion, measured by the illuminometer The results are quite different. (2) It is recommended that when there is doubt about the illuminator efficiency parameters and the light distribution curve parameters provided by the luminaire manufacturer, the unit with the relevant testing equipment should be entrusted to carry out the test.
1.7 Choosing the right light distribution
According to the room-to-air ratio of different functional areas of the wine spot, the light distribution parameters such as light intensity distribution, central light intensity and semi-light intensity of the light distribution curve are screened to avoid the loss of light in two aspects. (1) For example, the wine hall anteroom is usually located in the podium of the building. The ceiling is usually very high. It is very common to pick a height of 6m or more. The illuminator with narrow beam angle and long light-emitting distance is not bright. However, the active area of ​​the ground and the ground 1m away from the ground is not bright enough; (2) Conversely, if such a light distribution is used in a room with a short ceiling such as a room, there will be problems such as a bright ground and insufficient vertical illumination. . The two figures below are a comparison of the PAR38/80W/beam angle 120 and PAR56/300W/beam angle 400.
1.8 The more advanced the hotel, the higher the color rendering index of the light source
(1) The color rendering of the light source is generally evaluated by the color rendering index of CIE, which is a color display of 10 color samples including the human skin color, using the light source to be evaluated and the standard light source (full cloudy sky light). The difference in evaluation. In general terms, the higher the Ra of a light source, the better its color rendering. (2) However, it should be pointed out that since Ra takes the average value of the color samples, although some light sources have a high color rendering index, the appearance of a particular color may not be good. This point will attract the attention of hotel lighting design. (3) In the domestic lighting standards and design practices, coloring has not been paid much attention to, and it is usually emphasized that a light source with a high color rendering index is required in a place where color discrimination is required. In fact, it is very important that people have more contact with people, especially hotels, and it is very important for guests to show a healthy complexion. (4) In addition, a light source having a good color rendering property is inferior to a color rendering property, and under the same conditions, a lower illuminance can be obtained. This is not to say that color rendering can replace part of the illumination, but that people should be clearer in their senses.
The key issues of hotel lighting are far more than the above. This article only deals with the author's current problems in lighting design practice, for the lighting design colleagues to think and discuss.
2. Design of lighting variables in functional areas
2.1 Lobby space
The lobby space has three main areas of illumination: lighting for the entrance and vestibule areas, lighting for the service desk and lighting for the guest lounge. From the lobby as a continuous continuum of space, and from the perspective of lighting methods, the entrance and front hall sections should be the general lighting or global lighting of the lobby, the service desk lighting and the guest lounge lighting are local lighting. These lightings should maintain the consistency of color temperature. The illumination of the three areas will make the non-intimate scale space of the hotel lobby form a fun, continuous and undulating light and darkness, creating an intimate atmosphere.
(1) Entrance door and front hall. Illumination requirements: The design illumination should reach 500 Lux at a level of 1 m from the ground. Color temperature requirement: about 3000K. The color temperature is too low, the sense of space is narrow, the color temperature is too high, the space lacks intimacy, and the noise is noisy, directly reducing the comfort of the guests. Color rendering requirements: Ra>85. The high color rendering makes it possible to clearly show the skin color and various expressions of the receptionist and guests, leaving a deep and satisfying impression on the guests.
About the light distribution: If the height is more than 6m, the point light source is used in the ceiling to match the narrow beam illuminator to provide continuous and uniform brightness. Since the point of illumination is not within the field of view of the person, the luminaire can be open. Assuming that the distance from the ceiling to the ground is 6m, the central light intensity of the light distribution curve should be no less than 500cd at 1m from the ground; if the jump height is less than 6m, it can be considered to be treated with a strip or a flat light ceiling. Using light and shadow contrast modeling: Learn from the experience of European and American hotel lighting design, you can consider designing different angles of floodlights in the entrance and front hall areas. If the direction of the guest's entrance to the hotel is the vertical axis, then you can use the horizontal axis. The two sides are designed with side light, and the ceiling is angled to the entrance area, which helps the hotel receptionist, the porter and the guest to express the three-dimensionality. Such hotel lighting should be very advanced.
(2) Service desk. Illumination requirements: generally take 750-1000Lux higher brightness, highlighting the importance of the main service desk, quickly directing the customer's line of sight, in addition, it also facilitates the rapid processing of receptionist registration and settlement work. Color temperature requirement: about 3000K, consistent with the entrance hall, further strengthening the intimate atmosphere. Color rendering requirements: Ra>85.
On the one hand, because the guests and the receptionist have close contact at the service desk, they need a healthy complexion; on the other hand, they need to clearly identify the various documents required.
3) Guest lounge area. Illumination requirements: generally take 300-500Lux
The illuminance is too high, the behavior of the person will be unsettled, the illumination is too low, and the behavior of the person is too lazy. Color temperature requirement: about 3000K. Color requirements: Ra>85.
2.2 Restaurant space
Restaurant space is an important lighting area of ​​the hotel. Generally, hotels usually have Chinese-style restaurants and Western-style restaurants. These two types of restaurants have to be treated separately in lighting design due to differences in functions and uses.
(1) Chinese restaurant: It is often used for business or other formal banquets, so the overall atmosphere of lighting should be formal and friendly. The illumination of general lighting is much higher than that of Western restaurants. Illumination should be It is uniform, with few mood fluctuations caused by brightness contrast; point light source, strip light source or various types of lanterns can meet the good lighting requirements; in order to make the quality and color of the dishes vivid and beautiful In order to cause appetite, the illumination of the table top is the focus. It is best to use the light source with high color rendering to set the key illumination above the table. If the key illumination is not provided above each table, the illumination value of the general illumination of the restaurant should be designed. Higher. In addition, it is necessary to pay high attention to the light distribution so that the illumination has a three-dimensional effect. In the practice of restaurant lighting design, we use wall lamps or a number of spotlights to correct the planarization of general illumination, and enhance the reproduction of human body, especially facial expressions and contours.
Illumination requirements: the illumination of general illumination is 200Lux, and the illumination of the main light is 300Lux. As a supplementary side light, the light beam of the light source can reach the illumination object, and the center light intensity is about 150cd.
Hotels and hotels are usually divided into business and tourist resorts. Business hotels are usually located in economically developed cities. They are for business travellers, highlighting functions such as office, conference and business banquets. Travel resort hotels usually have At tourist attractions, highlights are the resort and leisure features. However, this distinction is relative, and their functions are often intertwined. In addition, from the perspective of architectural characteristics, the various types of spaces based on functions inside and outside the hotel are also roughly the same. For example, the Le Méridien Hotel in Hong Kong Cyberport compares with the Guangzhou Garden Hotel. Although the characteristics are very different, they all have a reception hall, which is a Portman-type space. There are various types of rooms and Chinese and Western restaurants. Function hall. Therefore, from the perspective of hotel lighting design, their commonalities are basically the same.
1.1 To use a warm white light source, the color temperature is about 3000K.
The basis is: no matter what type of hotel, creating a friendly, warm and friendly atmosphere, should be their common appeal, and the lighting environment provided by the color temperature 3000K light source can strengthen this feature of the wine point. (1) Based on human visual perception of temperature perception and spatial perception of color, the hue is yellowish and the hue is biased towards the blue-violet color. At the same time, the orange makes people feel warm and close to us; based on memory When the above colors are continuously compared, the result is the same. (2) This kind of perception, in the deep arousal of the psychological level, is closely related to psychological evaluation and emotional activities such as kindness, warmth and friendliness. (3) Based on engineering practice, whenever a hotel lighting project can fully implement this principle without any interference, the effect is very good.
1.2 In the case of consistent color temperature of the light source, specific analysis of the light color of different types of light sources
(1) Take incandescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps as examples. An incandescent lamp, nominally 2800K, and a compact fluorescent lamp, nominally 2850K (and possibly 2700K), simply indicate that their color tables are generally consistent, but for color (color and light colors are still There is still a subtle difference in the evaluation of the color perception: due to their different spectral composition, the light emitted by the incandescent lamp is very similar to the cobalt yellow or cadmium yellow of the watercolor pigment, the color is "loud" and "transparent"; and compact The light emitted by the fluorescent lamp is very similar to earthy yellow, and the color tone is somewhat cloudy. (2) Therefore, the lighting design should select the light source category in a targeted manner. Under the same color temperature conditions, it is necessary to comprehensively weigh whether they are energy-saving in terms of luminous flux and average life, whether it is easy to maintain and the trade-off between light color, not because “Green lighting†(I advocate a specific analysis of “green lightingâ€) instead of incandescent lamps. (3) For high-end hotels, energy saving and easy maintenance are important. For example, the average life expectancy of a good compact fluorescent lamp can reach 10,000 hours (and incandescent lamps only have one tenth of it), although the hotel is free. The cost of replacing the bulb, but at the expense of "pure light color." (4) As for the issue of energy saving and extending the life of the light bulb, as far as the domestic situation is concerned, a large part can be combined with the natural lighting and the brightness requirements of the guest activities as the headquarters of the Bank of China, and the time is adjusted through the intelligent control system. Light, to solve it. Of course, there are many ways to save energy, but it is beyond the scope of this article.
1.3 Pay special attention to the relationship between color temperature and illuminance
Use the matching relationship between illuminance and color temperature to create a suitable space atmosphere. In general, color temperature and illuminance should be proportionally matched, that is, high illumination, high color temperature, and vice versa. The habit of domestic hotel lighting design is often that the color temperature is very high, but the illumination is generally low, often falling into the "gloomy" atmosphere represented by the following figure. This should be given enough attention in future design practices.
1.4 If direct illumination is available, no indirect illumination is used.
Optical troughs have been widely used in various commercial space lighting, and even some are rampant. With the development of electric light source and lighting fixture manufacturing technology, the direct lighting method can avoid the visual hazard of uncomfortable glare. Therefore, unless the decorative requirements are required, it is not necessary to use the light waste and the maintenance is not convenient. Various types of lighting slots.
1.5 Use the same color temperature light source to avoid the chaos of light color
The same functional area, surface and object use a light source with the same color temperature to make the color of the light environment uniform. As far as the lighting design of the hotel is concerned, since the emphasis is not on conflict and drama, the uniform color is in line with the characteristics of the hotel. We have noticed that there are still some well-designed interior design companies in China that still have many problems at this point. For example, the Changlong Hotel project designed by Guangzhou Jimei Group is very good in other aspects, that is, there are still some problems in lighting: some rooms use cool white light sources; some rooms have both warm white light sources and cool white light sources. It makes people feel very uncomfortable.
1.6 Selecting illuminators with high luminous efficiency
(1) Select the illuminator with optimized parameters and high utilization of luminous flux. We often encounter such a situation, the total luminous flux originally claimed by the light source is very high, but because the luminaire with low luminous output efficiency is selected, the theoretically calculated illuminance value and after the actual completion, measured by the illuminometer The results are quite different. (2) It is recommended that when there is doubt about the illuminator efficiency parameters and the light distribution curve parameters provided by the luminaire manufacturer, the unit with the relevant testing equipment should be entrusted to carry out the test.
1.7 Choosing the right light distribution
According to the room-to-air ratio of different functional areas of the wine spot, the light distribution parameters such as light intensity distribution, central light intensity and semi-light intensity of the light distribution curve are screened to avoid the loss of light in two aspects. (1) For example, the wine hall anteroom is usually located in the podium of the building. The ceiling is usually very high. It is very common to pick a height of 6m or more. The illuminator with narrow beam angle and long light-emitting distance is not bright. However, the active area of ​​the ground and the ground 1m away from the ground is not bright enough; (2) Conversely, if such a light distribution is used in a room with a short ceiling such as a room, there will be problems such as a bright ground and insufficient vertical illumination. . The two figures below are a comparison of the PAR38/80W/beam angle 120 and PAR56/300W/beam angle 400.
1.8 The more advanced the hotel, the higher the color rendering index of the light source
(1) The color rendering of the light source is generally evaluated by the color rendering index of CIE, which is a color display of 10 color samples including the human skin color, using the light source to be evaluated and the standard light source (full cloudy sky light). The difference in evaluation. In general terms, the higher the Ra of a light source, the better its color rendering. (2) However, it should be pointed out that since Ra takes the average value of the color samples, although some light sources have a high color rendering index, the appearance of a particular color may not be good. This point will attract the attention of hotel lighting design. (3) In the domestic lighting standards and design practices, coloring has not been paid much attention to, and it is usually emphasized that a light source with a high color rendering index is required in a place where color discrimination is required. In fact, it is very important that people have more contact with people, especially hotels, and it is very important for guests to show a healthy complexion. (4) In addition, a light source having a good color rendering property is inferior to a color rendering property, and under the same conditions, a lower illuminance can be obtained. This is not to say that color rendering can replace part of the illumination, but that people should be clearer in their senses.
The key issues of hotel lighting are far more than the above. This article only deals with the author's current problems in lighting design practice, for the lighting design colleagues to think and discuss.
2. Design of lighting variables in functional areas
2.1 Lobby space
The lobby space has three main areas of illumination: lighting for the entrance and vestibule areas, lighting for the service desk and lighting for the guest lounge. From the lobby as a continuous continuum of space, and from the perspective of lighting methods, the entrance and front hall sections should be the general lighting or global lighting of the lobby, the service desk lighting and the guest lounge lighting are local lighting. These lightings should maintain the consistency of color temperature. The illumination of the three areas will make the non-intimate scale space of the hotel lobby form a fun, continuous and undulating light and darkness, creating an intimate atmosphere.
(1) Entrance door and front hall. Illumination requirements: The design illumination should reach 500 Lux at a level of 1 m from the ground. Color temperature requirement: about 3000K. The color temperature is too low, the sense of space is narrow, the color temperature is too high, the space lacks intimacy, and the noise is noisy, directly reducing the comfort of the guests. Color rendering requirements: Ra>85. The high color rendering makes it possible to clearly show the skin color and various expressions of the receptionist and guests, leaving a deep and satisfying impression on the guests.
About the light distribution: If the height is more than 6m, the point light source is used in the ceiling to match the narrow beam illuminator to provide continuous and uniform brightness. Since the point of illumination is not within the field of view of the person, the luminaire can be open. Assuming that the distance from the ceiling to the ground is 6m, the central light intensity of the light distribution curve should be no less than 500cd at 1m from the ground; if the jump height is less than 6m, it can be considered to be treated with a strip or a flat light ceiling. Using light and shadow contrast modeling: Learn from the experience of European and American hotel lighting design, you can consider designing different angles of floodlights in the entrance and front hall areas. If the direction of the guest's entrance to the hotel is the vertical axis, then you can use the horizontal axis. The two sides are designed with side light, and the ceiling is angled to the entrance area, which helps the hotel receptionist, the porter and the guest to express the three-dimensionality. Such hotel lighting should be very advanced.
(2) Service desk. Illumination requirements: generally take 750-1000Lux higher brightness, highlighting the importance of the main service desk, quickly directing the customer's line of sight, in addition, it also facilitates the rapid processing of receptionist registration and settlement work. Color temperature requirement: about 3000K, consistent with the entrance hall, further strengthening the intimate atmosphere. Color rendering requirements: Ra>85.
On the one hand, because the guests and the receptionist have close contact at the service desk, they need a healthy complexion; on the other hand, they need to clearly identify the various documents required.
3) Guest lounge area. Illumination requirements: generally take 300-500Lux
The illuminance is too high, the behavior of the person will be unsettled, the illumination is too low, and the behavior of the person is too lazy. Color temperature requirement: about 3000K. Color requirements: Ra>85.
2.2 Restaurant space
Restaurant space is an important lighting area of ​​the hotel. Generally, hotels usually have Chinese-style restaurants and Western-style restaurants. These two types of restaurants have to be treated separately in lighting design due to differences in functions and uses.
(1) Chinese restaurant: It is often used for business or other formal banquets, so the overall atmosphere of lighting should be formal and friendly. The illumination of general lighting is much higher than that of Western restaurants. Illumination should be It is uniform, with few mood fluctuations caused by brightness contrast; point light source, strip light source or various types of lanterns can meet the good lighting requirements; in order to make the quality and color of the dishes vivid and beautiful In order to cause appetite, the illumination of the table top is the focus. It is best to use the light source with high color rendering to set the key illumination above the table. If the key illumination is not provided above each table, the illumination value of the general illumination of the restaurant should be designed. Higher. In addition, it is necessary to pay high attention to the light distribution so that the illumination has a three-dimensional effect. In the practice of restaurant lighting design, we use wall lamps or a number of spotlights to correct the planarization of general illumination, and enhance the reproduction of human body, especially facial expressions and contours.
Illumination requirements: the illumination of general illumination is 200Lux, and the illumination of the main light is 300Lux. As a supplementary side light, the light beam of the light source can reach the illumination object, and the center light intensity is about 150cd.
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