The development of technology has made our life more and more colorful, and the innovation of automobile technology has really improved the driving performance of the car. Because the previous car has no power steering, people usually make fun of driving as an arm; now The steering wheel is so light that it can be rotated with just one finger.
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Driving on the road, the steering wheel in your hand is like a controller that directs the car's route, either left or right, or in a straight line. The weight of the steering wheel directly affects the mood and the amount of physical effort we drive. Recall that a few decades ago, those drivers who drove the ruthless big trucks were almost physically strong. If you look carefully, you will find that their arms are mostly muscular. I think maybe they are heavy steering wheels to train them. Come out. After several decades, the liberation of large trucks has been replaced by modern commercial vehicles, and the structure and technology of automobiles have undergone earth-shaking changes. The body of passenger cars has mostly evolved from non-loading to load-bearing, and carburetor engines have evolved to EFI, safety configuration with active and passive protection measures such as airbags, ABS, ESP, etc., and the steering system is also developed mechanically with power assisted steering system.
How much do you need to know the type and characteristics of the power steering system behind the steering wheel in the driver who needs to drive on the road every day? For prospective car owners or fans who are about to buy a new car, it may not be a big help to understand the car's power steering system, but to understand and understand this steering system more deeply, you can be clear about your needs when buying a car. Below we will turn to institutionalization and simplify the introduction of the mechanical steering system and power steering system, but the focus is still the latter.
The mechanical steering system does not have an auxiliary power system, and the driver’s physical strength is the power of steering.
The mechanical steering system uses the driver's physical strength as the steering power, in which all the force transmitting components are mechanical and there is no auxiliary power source. The mechanical steering system is mainly composed of three parts: the steering mechanism, the steering gear and the steering transmission mechanism. The steering mechanism is the mechanism by which the driver operates the steering gear, including the components from the steering wheel to the input of the steering gear. When steering the car, the driver's steering force on the steering wheel is very limited, so it is necessary to use a booster to deflect the steering wheel. The steering gear is to amplify the torque transmitted from the steering wheel by a certain gear ratio and output it to the booster.
The steering gear is the mechanism that transmits the motion of the steering gear to the steering wheel, including the components from the rocker arm to the steering wheel. The whole mechanical steering system works in such a way that when the driver needs to turn, the steering wheel is applied with a steering torque, which is input to the mechanical steering gear through the steering shaft, and then the torque is amplified by the reduction transmission pair in the steering gear and the rotation is decelerated It is then transmitted from the steering rocker arm to the steering straightener. Finally, this torque is transmitted to the knuckle arm fixed to the steering knuckle, which deflects the steering knuckle and the steering wheel it supports. At the same time, the trapezoidal steering mechanism drives the steering wheel on the other side to deflect at the same time, thereby changing the traveling direction of the car.
Since the mechanical steering system is driven entirely by human power, it is difficult to meet both the labor saving and the sensitivity requirements. Therefore, many models have gradually adopted power steering, including most passenger cars. Commercial vehicles and construction machinery.
The power steering system is a set of steering force device added to the mechanical steering system.
Vehicles that use mechanical steering systems rely on the driver's physical strength as steering power when steering is achieved. Does the power steering system require the driver to pay for physical strength? Of course, this can be a good prospect for us, but at present, no matter what kind of mass production steering system, the driver needs to operate by hand.
The power steering system is constructed by adding a set of steering force devices to the mechanical steering system. The steering urging device relieves the driver's physical effort to manipulate the steering wheel. The steering intention is still from the driver, but the engine (or electric motor) acts as an auxiliary power source to help reduce the driver's operational intensity. Among them, the engine (or electric motor) is the main part and is provided by the steering urging device. Under normal conditions, only a portion of the energy required to turn the car is provided by the driver, while the other part is provided by the steering assist device. However, when the steering assist fails, the driver still needs to pay a considerable amount of physical strength to undertake the steering task of the car. Therefore, the power steering system is actually an additional set of steering assist devices based on the mechanical steering system.
The working principle of the power steering system is roughly as follows: when the driver turns the steering wheel, the torque moves the steering tie rod through the mechanical steering gear, and drives the steering knuckle arm to deflect the steering wheel, thereby changing the traveling direction of the vehicle. At the same time, the steering input shaft also drives the steering control valve inside the steering gear to rotate, which makes the steering power cylinder generate hydraulic force to help the driver to steering. Thanks to the action of the steering booster, the driver can deflect the front wheel with less than half the steering torque of the mechanical steering system.
Power steering systems have become popular and have now evolved into three major categories.
Currently, hydraulic power steering (HPS), electronically controlled hydraulic power steering (EHPS), and electric power steering (EPS) are among the most popular in steering systems. Among them, HPS has developed for nearly a century, with mature technology, low cost and highest penetration rate. However, the shortcomings of this power steering are also obvious. It consumes engine power and has a complicated structure. Pumps, pipes, and hydraulic cylinders require regular maintenance. The loss between the hydraulic pump rotor and the hydraulic oil causes a large energy loss. The hydraulic pump also consumes energy when it is not turning, so it has been slowly eliminated in small cars. Although electronically controlled hydraulic power steering (EHPS) is more advanced than traditional hydraulic power steering, it introduces an electronic control device that can adjust the speed with speed, but its development cost is high and it is still driven by the engine, which means its Energy consumption has not decreased.
Electric power steering (EPS) is developed on the basis of the above two power-assisting mechanisms. It uses an independent motor to directly provide power. The size of the power assist is controlled by the electronic control unit according to the speed of the vehicle. It has the characteristics of energy saving, environmental protection (corresponding to lower emissions), high safety, etc. It is gradually replacing hydraulic power steering. Like the current hot Swift, Fit, SX4, Sagitar and other models, this kind of power assist mechanism is used. It is also one of the development directions of power steering technology in the future.
By comparing the EPS-equipped vehicle with the HPS, the EPS can reduce fuel consumption by 2.5% without steering, and the fuel consumption is reduced by 5.5% when using steering. In addition, EPS can automatically control the steering assist force according to the speed of the vehicle, effectively solving the problem of the "light" and "spirit" of the steering wheel that has been plaguing the traditional steering system, and improving the driving safety.
The electric power steering effectively solves the problem of the steering stability of the vehicle and the steering feel of the steering wheel, and has the advantages of both low-speed steering and high-speed road feeling.
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