Forrest's vacuum triode is based on the technology of vacuum diodes invented by predecessors. In 1904, Fleming of the University of London invented Vacuum Diode Tube. Vacuum diodes can only conduct electricity in one direction. They can rectify AC current or detect signals, but they cannot amplify signals. Without devices that can amplify signals, electronic technology cannot continue to develop.
The vacuum diode invented by Fleming In order to improve the detection sensitivity of the vacuum diode, Forrest added a fence-like metal mesh in the glass tube to form the third pole of the electron tube. He was surprised to see that this "grid" seemed to be like a blind, which could control the electron flow between the cathode and the screen; as long as there was a weak current through the grid, a large current could be obtained on the screen, and the waveform It is completely consistent with the gate current. In other words, an electrode was added to Fleming's vacuum diode, which became a new device that could amplify. He named this new device Triode.
The principle of vacuum transistor
In addition to the "amplified" state, the vacuum transistor can also be in the "saturated" and "cut-off" states, respectively. "Saturation" means that the current from the cathode (or emitter) to the evelope is completely turned on, which is equivalent to the switch being turned on; "off" means that no current flows from the cathode to the screen, which is equivalent to the switch being turned off. The two states can be controlled by adjusting the voltage on the gate. Therefore, the vacuum transistor can act as a switching device, and its speed is thousands of times faster than the relay.
After the successful research of Forrest Vacuum Transistor, it has been improved and made into Tetrode and Pentode, etc., together with vacuum diode and vacuum triode, they are collectively called electron tubes.
Various tubes
Vacuum transistors paved the way for the birth of the computer. In the world's first electronic computer ENIAC, the electronic tube is its most basic component. The huge body of the tube and the huge power consumption are two fatal flaws, so they will be replaced by small and exquisite semiconductor devices. But in analog circuits, the high-fidelity amplification characteristics of electron tubes still dwarf transistors and integrated circuits. To this day, the amplifier with the tube as the core device is still the target pursued by audiophiles. Just a few years ago, we could also see the trace of the electron tube on the fever motherboard.
Aopen audiophile motherboard AX4B-533 Tube with dual triodes (September 2002)
Forrest loved to do it since he was a child, and he has engaged in many small productions and inventions. After joining the work, he became a prolific inventor and obtained more than 300 patents in his life. Among all Forrest's inventions, the invention of vacuum triode has the greatest impact. It not only became the beginning of vacuum electronics, but also the beginning of the history of electronics, and promoted the progress of human civilization.
On the occasion of the centennial birthday of vacuum triodes, can those of us who are living in electronic design earn some inspiration from the invention of vacuum triodes?
PS: Like the vacuum tube, the display tube of the CRT display is also an electric vacuum device. In order to prevent the filament from oxidizing and burning at high temperature, the air inside must be evacuated. Incandescent lamps and sunlight are filled with inert gas to avoid rapid oxidation of the filament.
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